1.5 Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs)

SIMPLY SMART

 

Introduction

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are contained in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36 to 51).
As explained by D.D. Basu, they represent the philosophy of a welfare state, aiming to establish social and economic democracy.
Though non-justiciable (not enforceable in courts), DPSPs are fundamental in the governance of the country, guiding both Central and State governments.

Sources of DPSPs

(As mentioned in reference books)

• Irish Constitution (main source)

• British Constitutional traditions

• Gandhian ideals

• Spanish Constitution

• American Declaration of Independence

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Objectives of DPSPs

(Repeated across Basu, Bakshi, and Kashyap)

✔ To establish a welfare state
✔ To secure justice — social, economic, political
✔ To reduce inequalities
✔ To promote social order and human dignity
✔ To guide government policies
✔ To bring economic democracy

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Classification of DPSPs (Articles 36–51)

DPSPs into three categories:

1. Socialist Principles

These aim at achieving economic justice and a welfare state.

✔ Article 38 – Promote welfare of the people

• Reduce inequalities in wealth, status, opportunities.

✔ Article 39 – Basic principles of social justice

• Adequate livelihood

• Equal pay for equal work

• Prevent concentration of wealth

• Protect workers, women and children

✔ Article 39A – Free legal aid

(42nd Amendment)

✔ Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance

✔ Article 42 – Humane working conditions & maternity relief

✔ Article 43 – Living wage for workers

✔ Article 43A – Workers’ participation in management

(42nd Amendment)

✔ Article 47 – Nutrition, public health & prohibition

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2. Gandhian Principles

Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of rural upliftment and self-sufficiency.

✔ Article 40 – Establish village panchayats

✔ Article 43 – Promote cottage/village industries

✔ Article 46 – Protect interests of SCs, STs

✔ Article 47 – Prohibit intoxicating drinks

✔ Article 48 – Improve agriculture & cow protection

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3. Liberal–Intellectual Principles

Focus on political, legal, administrative, and cultural ideals.

✔ Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code

✔ Article 45 – Early childhood care & education

(Linked to Article 21A now)

✔ Article 48 – Scientific agriculture

✔ Article 48A – Protect environment

(42nd Amendment)

✔ Article 49 – Protect monuments/heritage

✔ Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from executive

✔ Article 51 – Promote international peace and security

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Characteristics of DPSPs

✔ Non-justiciable

Courts cannot enforce them, but governments must apply them.

✔ Fundamental to governance

(Article 37 explicitly states this)

✔ Aim at welfare state

Ensure human dignity, justice, and equality.

✔ Dynamic & adaptable

Can be updated with constitutional amendments.

✔ Complement Fundamental Rights

Together they ensure political + social + economic democracy.

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DPSPs vs Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights → Justiciable, individual liberty

DPSPs → Non-justiciable, social & economic justice

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Importance of DPSPs

1.  Create social & economic justice
2. Guide parliament and government policy
3.  Promote national welfare
4.  Improve living standards
5.  Protect vulnerable groups
6. Encourage environment protection
7.  Strengthen democracy

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Criticisms

❌ No legal force

❌ Too vague/broad

❌ Slow implementation

❌ Some conflict with Fundamental Rights (historically)

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Conclusion 

Directive Principles of State Policy reflect the vision of the Constitution makers to build a just, humane, and equitable society.
As emphasized by D.D. Basu, they are the “soul of social democracy”, while Subhash Kashyap describes them as the guiding pillars of national policy.
Although not enforceable by courts, DPSPs play a crucial role in shaping legislation, governance, and social reforms.
Together with Fundamental Rights and Duties, they help India progress towards a welfare state based on justice, equality, and dignity.

— End of Article | Aivette-COI (Constitution of India by Aivette)

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